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    <title>Understanding Evolution</title>
    <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu</link>
    <description>your one-stop source for information on evolution</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Lessons for today in ancient mass extinctions</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2012 09:47:51 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120501_habitatloss</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If you follow environmental news at all, you'll be familiar with the most common cause of extinction in the world today: habitat loss. Habitat destruction threatens the survival of some the world's most charismatic organisms &#151; animals like the giant panda, the Sumatran tiger, and the Asian elephant. Humans have encroached on the wilderness in order to farm, mine, log, and build, and in the process, we've pushed the natural inhabitants of those areas into smaller and smaller refuges. Making matters worse, global climate change caused by our production of greenhouse gases is altering the environments within those refuges, forcing species to contend with new challenges. While these might seem like entirely modern problems, recent research indicates that's not the case &#151; and that current levels of habitat loss and climate change could have devastating consequences. Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120501_habitatloss">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Climate change causes loss of genetic diversity</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 3 Apr 2012 13:45:14 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120301_chipmunks</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If you'd visited Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park 100 years ago, you probably would have encountered the alpine chipmunk, <i>Tamias alpinus</i>. Today, however, park visitors will have to hike up a nearby mountain to see one of these critters. That's because this species is sensitive to temperature — and over the last hundred years of global climate change, Yosemite has warmed by about 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit. As the temperature increased, the chipmunks retreated to higher and higher elevations where it was cooler. Today, they occupy a fraction of their original range. If climate change continues, they could be squeezed right off the tops of their mountains and out of existence.  Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120301_chipmunks">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Evolutionary history in a tiny package</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 1 Mar 2012 10:26:05 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120201_tinychameleons</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scientists discover new species all the time, but usually these new species are microbes, plants, insects, and other forms of non-vertebrate life. Few vertebrate species have thus far evaded the curious gaze of biologists intent on understanding the diversity of life on Earth — that is, unless the vertebrate in question happens to be very, very tiny. Last month, scientists announced the discovery of not one, but four miniscule lizard species. The smallest of these new chameleons, which live in the far north of the African island of Madagascar and inhabit leaf litter, reaches an adult body size of just two centimeters. Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120201_tinychameleons">here</a>. ]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Hybrid sharks aren't "trying" to adapt</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 2 Feb 2012 09:43:17 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120101_sharkhybrid</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Last month, biologists announced the discovery of hybrid sharks in Australian waters. The new sharks may not warrant a marine park attraction — they look much like their closely-related parent species — but do represent an unexpected twist of biology and evolution. This is the first time that scientists have found evidence of shark hybridization — an event that was thought to be rare because, unlike the many fish that simply release eggs and sperm into the water, sharks mate. Clearly, though, the widely-distributed common blacktip shark and the Australian blacktip shark (which is restricted to northern and eastern Australia) have few qualms about each other: 57 apparently healthy hybrid individuals were discovered in the first investigation of these animals. What does this mean for the future evolution of blacktip sharks? Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120101_sharkhybrid">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: When fighting leukemia, evolutionary history matters</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 2 Dec 2011 11:31:20 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/111101_hla</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the next few months, college students across the country will be offered the chance to save a life by swabbing cells from the insides of their cheeks and registering as a potential marrow donor with Be The Match. The Give A Spit About Cancer campaign, which launched in October, helps college students organize marrow donor registry drives. The cells collected in these drives are used to figure out who might be able to donate marrow or blood stem cells to a patient with a life-threatening disease like leukemia. While ethnicity is irrelevant to most medical procedures, marrow and blood stem cell transplants are an exception to this rule. Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/111101_hla">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: An antibiotic that exploits evolutionary history </title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 10:41:47 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/111001_tuberculosis</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This month, the World Health Organization announced that tuberculosis cases are on the decline for the first time in at least 20 years. We seem finally to be winning what has been a very long battle. Tuberculosis bacteria have been attacking us since modern humans began to migrate out of Africa around 40,000 years ago. If you enjoy classic literature, you'll be familiar with the cough, fever, and weight loss of consumption (the old-fashioned term for tuberculosis), which used to be a near certain death sentence. That changed when the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin was discovered in 1943.  Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/111001_tuberculosis">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: The evidence lines up in early mammal evolution</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Sep 2011 11:13:25 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110901_earlymammals</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Back in the Jurassic, dinosaurs may have dominated terrestrial ecosystems, but they were not alone. Scurrying around their feet and clinging to the trees above them were the fuzzy ancestors of their successors. When most of the dinosaurs perished, the surviving mammals diversified into the dinosaurs' niches, where they remain today. Last month, scientists reported on the discovery of a fossil mammal from China that would have lived alongside the dinosaurs and that, at 160 million years old, represents one of the earliest mammals known. Read the whole story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110901_earlymammals">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news update: Sex, speciation, and fishy physics</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2011 13:51:53 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/090301_cichlidspeciation</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the summer holidays, Evo in the News will be revisiting past news items to bring you up-to-date on recent research and developments.  In March of 2009, we reported on how the physics of light seems to have spurred speciation in Lake Victoria's cichlid fish.  This summer, we report on new evidence that backs up this hypothesis--and that highlights the threat posed to these fish by pollution that clouds the lake's waters.  See the updated story <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/090301_cichlidspeciation">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news update: Quick evolution leads to quiet crickets</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jun 2011 11:42:11 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/061201_quietcrickets</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the summer holidays, Evo in the News will be revisiting past news items to bring you up-to-date on recent research and developments. In December of 2006, we reported on a bizarre case of evolution in action. Crickets on the Hawaiian island of Kauai were being parasitized by flies that track the crickets down by following their mating chirps. When a new mutation arose that caused male crickets to develop silent wings, it swept through the population since it helped male crickets avoid being eaten alive by the flies' larvae. In June of 2008, we reported on new research into the genetics of this mutation. This year, we continue to follow the story of the silent crickets. Researchers recently announced that they've looked more closely at the crickets' genetics in order to learn how crickets arrived on Hawaii in the first place and how the mutation might have gotten a foothold in the island population.  Read the whole update <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/061201_quietcrickets">here</a>.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: "Error. Greed does not compute."</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2011 10:54:47 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110501_robots</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Swarms of tiny robots have given up their selfish ways and started sharing resources for the greater good. Though this might sound like the plot of a bad summer blockbuster, it is real news. This month, a team of Swiss researchers announced that they've used robots to simulate biological evolution. The simple, mobile robots &#151; each a little larger than a sugar cube &#151; began their lives directionless, meandering aimlessly into walls. But after a few generations of natural selection, their computer programs evolved so that they became efficient foragers, purposefully collecting disks that represent food. None of that is particularly surprising. Scientists have long been able to simulate evolution through computer programs that mimic the processes of genetic inheritance, mutation, recombination, and reproduction. What is noteworthy is that many of these robots eventually evolved to help one another, sacrificing personal success to aid other robots in their group. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110501_robots">Read the rest of the story.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Gender-biased bacteria throw off an evolutionary balance</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Apr 2011 10:17:40 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110401_whiteflies</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This month, biologists reported that a bacterial infection has run rampant in populations of a major crop pest in the Southwest. The bacterium (called <i>Rickettsia</i>) is a close relative of the species that causes typhus in humans. Its host is the sweet potato whitefly, a tiny bug that can occur in large enough numbers to form visible clouds. Whiteflies suck the sap from plants and spread crop diseases, causing hundreds of millions of dollars of damage in a single season. In just a few years, the percentage of southwestern whiteflies infected with <i>Rickettsia</i> has skyrocketed from 1% to more than 90%. Unfortunately, this is not the boon for local farmers that it might seem. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110401_whiteflies">Find out how the bacteria actually help whiteflies.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Toxic river means rapid evolution for one fish species</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 09:49:44 -0700</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110301_pcbresistantcod</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Though we often think of evolution as occurring at a snail's pace, one fish species is highlighting just how quickly evolution occurs &#151; in the right circumstances. Between 1947 and 1976, General Electric released more than a million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson River. PCBs can kill fish and seabirds and have been linked to cancer and other serious health problems in humans. PCBs were banned in 1979, but the toxins have remained at high levels in the Hudson because they settle into the sediments on the bottom of the river and don't break down. Now, scientists have discovered that, over the past 60 years, one bottom-feeding fish species, the Atlantic tomcod, has evolved resistance to PCBs.]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Bad at estimating? Blame evolution</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 9 Feb 2011 14:12:35 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110201_throwing</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The next time you are in the kitchen, try this experiment: pick up a box of butter (four sticks) in one hand and a box of saltines (four packets) in the other. Which is heavier? If you said the butter, you are not alone. Most people would identify the box of butter as the heavier object &#151; even though, if you look at the labels, you'll see that they both weigh exactly one pound! This is an example of the size-weight illusion, and it is incredibly common. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110201_throwing">Read more to see the evolution (and baseball) connection.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Genetic variation helps rescue endangered panthers</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 1 Dec 2010 10:22:21 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/101201_panthers</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This fall, biologists announced the apparent success of a last-ditch conservation effort: the Florida panther, once slated for extinction, has been given a second lease on life by the infusion of genetic variation. In the 1900s, this population nosedived because of hunting and habitat loss. By the 1990s, there were fewer than 30 Florida panthers left. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/101201_panthers">Find out about the evolutionary basis of this successful conservation plan.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Spreading disease on evolutionary timescales</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 1 Nov 2010 11:18:33 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/101101_malaria</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If you are trying to stay healthy this cold and flu season, you may find yourself washing your hands frequently and avoiding crowded places like schools and airports. That's because most infectious diseases that we are familiar with are passed from human to human &#151; and the more human germs you come into contact with, the more likely you are to have one make its home in your body. However, on evolutionary timescales, pathogens don't necessarily respect species boundaries. Biologists have discovered more and more cases in which diseases have passed from another species to humans. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/101101_malaria">Find out how a deadly strains of malaria jump between chimp, gorilla and human hosts.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Evolving altitude aptitude</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 1 Oct 2010 11:31:49 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/101001_altitude</link>
      <description><![CDATA[If you live in the lowlands, you may have experienced the huffing and puffing that typically accompany a trip to higher altitudes. That's because oxygen levels go down as one goes up. Travelling to Denver from sea level means a 17% decrease in available oxygen. Our bodies compensate for even this small change with faster breathing and a higher heart rate  &#151;  at least until we acclimate to the thinner atmosphere. And a loftier vacation spot (for example, La Paz, Bolivia at 11,942 feet) could bring on serious altitude sickness with insomnia, nausea, and swelling  &#151;  but not for everyone. Tibetan highlanders have no trouble living at 13,000 feet year in year out, and many Nepalese Sherpas (who are ethnically Tibetan) climb parts of Mount Everest without the supplementary oxygen most people require. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/101001_altitude">Read more about the adaptations of the Tibetan highlanders.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Bed bugs bite back thanks to evolution</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 1 Sep 2010 11:35:50 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/100901_bedbugs</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bed bugs might sound like an old-fashioned problem, but now they are back&#151;and with a vengeance. Fifty years ago, the blood-sucking pests were nearly eradicated in the United States thanks in part to the use of pesticides like DDT. Today, they are creeping over sheets &#151; and tormenting hapless sleepers &#151;  across the country. New York was recently declared America's most bed-bug-infested city: Times Square movie theatre, the Empire State Building, and the offices of a major fashion magazine  &#151;  not to mention the homes of 11,000 New Yorkers who filed official complaints about the vermin last year  &#151;  have all housed these itchiest of bedfellows. And the Big Apple is not alone in its disturbed slumber. This summer, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a joint statement on the resurgence of bed bugs throughout the country. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/100901_bedbugs">Read about how bedbugs evolve to overcome control measures.</a>]]></description>
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      <title>Evo in the news: Making sense of ancient hominin DNA</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 1 May 2010 14:18:08 -0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/100501_xwoman</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last two months, news outlets have been abuzz with the announcement of what many suggested was a new hominin species. In 2008, a 40,000 year old pinky bone from a child was discovered in a Siberian cave. The bone was not enough to identify the species of its possessor, but since both Neanderthals and humans are known to have lived in the area at the time, scientists assumed it belonged to one of these two species. That all changed in March of this year, when German researchers announced that they'd managed to extract DNA from the fossil &#151; and it didn't match up to the known genetic sequences of either humans or Neanderthals. <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/100501_xwoman">Find out more.</a>]]></description>
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