UC Berkeley
2021 Stories
The evolution of tuskless elephants foils poachers, but at a cost
Between 1977 and 1992, a civil war in Mozambique killed over a million people, displaced five million more, and destroyed roads, schools, and hospitals. It also killed a lot of elephants. Armies need money to fight, and ivory from elephant tusks was a way to get it. The protected elephant population in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique was decimated by ivory poachers. Before the war in 1972, the park was home to 2542 elephants. By the year 2000, that number had fallen to just 242. Now, recent research shows that poaching during this period caused rapid evolution in the elephant population, specifically, the rise of tuskless elephants.
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A decade of change, a decade of Evo in the News
In science, explanations like evolution are accepted or rejected based on evidence — and in that sphere, evolutionary theory has more than proven its worth. Experiments, field studies, observations, and fossils — all of it lines up behind the idea that different species evolved from shared ancestors and that natural selection and other evolutionary processes shape the traits of lineages. However, in the public sphere, particularly in the United States, evolutionary theory has not fared so well. Between around 1950 and 2007, surveys suggest that less than half of American adults accepted evolution. But that is changing. Researchers just announced that, over the last decade, we crossed over the halfway mark: the majority of American adults surveyed now report accepting evolution as an explanation for humans. The new research delves into factors that might help explain this shift, such as a rise in number of people enrolling in four-year college degree programs and college-level science courses. Here, we’ll focus on the evolutionary science that accompanied this uptick in acceptance.
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Pantry staples from the genetic swap meet
To many people, genetically engineered food feels unnatural and repellent: Fish genes in strawberries? No thanks. Opponents often call them “Frankenfoods,” suggesting that only a mad scientist could combine genes from different species in this way. But in recent decades, biologists have found that nature itself often plays fast and loose with DNA. The more we’ve looked, the more examples we’ve found where a gene from one species has made its way into another, sometimes distantly related, species. Now, new research shows how important this inter-species genetic swap meet has been in grasses, a group that includes food staples like rice, corn, wheat, and sugar cane.
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The genetic toolkit for evolving a venomous bite
If you scrolled past the non-stop coronavirus reporting in science news last month, you might have been hooked by some obvious clickbait “Humans will probably evolve to be venomous.” Uh…they will? Well, of course not. We needn’t worry about (or eagerly anticipate) becoming a lineage of fanged mutants. However, a look at the new research that inspired that extreme headline does provide a fascinating glimpse into how (and how easily) venom evolves in some situations.
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Viruses, variation, and vaccines
Last month, we discussed new strains of SARS-CoV-2 and how they evolved, despite the relatively slow pace of coronavirus evolution. Since then, the new strains have continued to spread and more have popped up. This month, with over 15% percent of the US at least partially vaccinated, we all want to know how effective the existing vaccines will be against those new strains. Will we need another shot for the new viral varieties in six months? And then again in a year? And so on indefinitely? As we face down a future that almost certainly means learning to coexist with the virus in some way, it’s worth asking a big-picture question: why do some vaccines successfully beat back a disease year after year and others do not?
Read more »Virus, variabilidad y vacunas
El mes pasado, hablamos sobre las nuevas cepas del SARS-CoV-2 y sobre cómo habían evolucionado, aunque su ritmo de evolución sea relativamente lento. Desde entonces, las cepas nuevas han seguido propagándose y algunas más han aparecido. Este mes, con cerca del 15% de la población de US, al menos, parcialmente vacunada, todos queremos saber la efectividad que tendrán las vacunas existentes contra estas nuevas cepas. ¿Dentro de seis meses necesitaremos otro pinchazo contra las nuevas variedades del virus? ¿Y al cabo de un año otra? ¿Y así indefinidamente? Mientras nos enfrentamos a un futuro que seguramente nos llevará a coexistir con el virus, vale la pena hacerse una pregunta general tiene sentido preguntarse sobre el gran escenario: ¿por qué algunas vacunas tienen éxito contra unas enfermedades año tras año, mientras que otras no?
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The new coronavirus strains and evolution’s “I told you so” moment
It seems like new coronavirus strains are suddenly popping up everywhere. These include the “UK” strain, a variant discovered in South Africa, two in Brazil, and now one in California, inspiring many anxious questions. Do these new strains spread more easily? At least some of them seem to. Are they more deadly? Evidence is just coming in but the British variant, at least, may be. Will our vaccines work against them? To varying degrees. Moderna is developing a booster shot to make its vaccine more effective against the strain from South Africa. As researchers try to sort out answers to these key questions, it’s worth taking a step back to ask how we got here. What’s the force behind all these new strains? Of course, the answer is evolution.
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